S1and using activated c-Raf or MEK or were treated with TPA (and and was counted (blue columns) and analyzed for SA–Gal staining (red columns) 12 days after transfection. growth factor receptors to signal receivers in various cell compartments (2). Amplifications of or activating point mutations in family genes are frequently found in many types of human cancers. and its family members, and family genes has been linked to the development of many types of human tumors and often correlates with poor prognosis. In addition, point mutations at or near the phosphorylation site Thr-58 are often found in lymphomas (4). Because phosphorylated Thr-58 is targeted by the SCFFbw7/Cdc4 E3 ligase for rapid turnover via the proteasome pathway, mutations at this site result in stabilization and accumulation of Myc (5). Phosphorylation (+)-Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) of Thr-58 requires a priming phosphorylation at Ser-62 by proline-directed kinases, such as Erk and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1 (6, 7). (+)-Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) The tumorigenic potentials of Myc and Ras are limited by the activation of an apoptotic response by Myc (3) and by the induction of premature cellular senescence by Ras (8). Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible growth arrest that normal cells undergo eventually as a result of telomere erosion, but it can be induced prematurely during inappropriate activation of oncogenes. This often involves triggering a DNA damage response as a result of replicative stress or generation of reactive oxygen species, and it is associated with increased levels of the tumor suppressor p53 and the Cdk-inhibitor p16INK4a (9, 10). Studies during recent years have, however, revealed that antitumor programs like differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence can still exist latently in tumor cells. Potentially, these processes can be reactivated if the oncogene, which promotes tumorigenesis, Mouse monoclonal to TIP60 is inactivated (11, 12). For instance, in mouse tumor models driven by regulatable Myc, switching off Myc was shown to be sufficient for sustained tumor regression of several types of cancer (for reviews, see refs. 11C13). Recently, Myc inhibition using a dominant-negative approach also resulted in regression of Ras-dependent (+)-Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) tumors, although normal tissues were spared, substantiating the suitability of Myc as a therapeutical target in Myc- and Ras-driven tumors (14). This emphasizes the urge to find drugs that can target Myc and/or Ras activity. It still remains unclear how Myc and Ras cooperate. Previous work demonstrated that Ras suppresses Myc-induced apoptosis (15). Here, we provide evidence that Myc contributes to malignant transformation by repressing Ras-induced senescence and, furthermore, we define how this is achieved and regulated mechanistically. Results Repression of Ras-Induced Senescence by Myc Depends on Ser-62 Phosphorylation. Using primary rat embryo fibroblasts (REFs), we confirmed that oncogenic H-Ras induced senescence as scored by senescence-associated -Gal (SA–Gal) activity (Fig. 1 and and and and and and S2and and Fig. S1and using activated c-Raf or MEK or were treated with TPA (and and was counted (blue columns) and analyzed for SA–Gal staining (red columns) (+)-Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) 12 days after transfection. Contr, control. Phosphorylation of Ser-62 Is Mediated by Cyclin E/Cdk2. To identify Ser-62 kinases, U2OS cells were transfected with Myc-T58A to avoid cross-talk between the two sites (Fig. S1and Fig. S2and and and and and and data not shown) nor did CVT-2584 inhibit proliferation in the absence of Myc and Ras (Fig. 2and Fig. S3and and and Fig. S3and and and Fig. S3and Fig. S3and and and is a component of the p16Ink4a-Rb-pathway, one of the major pathways controlling oncogene-induced senescence (9, 10). In the parental U-937-GTB cells, less Myc bound to the promoter, as expected, and the Cdk2 signal was hardly above background (Fig. S4genes and express high levels of c-Myc, Cdk2 clearly associated with chromatin (Fig. S4(promoter, which is repressed by (+)-Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) Myc (Fig. 5, shutoff may therefore be important for long-term maintenance of oncogene-induced senescence. Moreover, the Cdk2 inhibitor CVT-313 caused reduced association of total and phosphorylated Myc at these promoters, comparable to IFN- + TPA treatment (Fig. 5, promoter after treatment with IFN- + TPA (Fig. S4((((and genes were repressed by IFN- + TPA and by the Cdk2 inhibitor CVT-313 (Fig. 6and genes were strongly induced (Fig. 6and and knockout human fibroblasts expressing lower levels of c-Myc (22). Our finding that Myc represses Ras-induced cellular senescence is probably related to other well-known attributes of Myc, such.
Category: Toll-like Receptors
The effects of empagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, in addition to standard care, on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, were examined in EMPA-REG OUTCOME [23]
The effects of empagliflozin, a SGLT2 inhibitor, in addition to standard care, on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, were examined in EMPA-REG OUTCOME [23]. remain unknown, it has been hypothesized that metformin stimulates GLP-1 secretion directly and/or indirectly and prolongs the half-life of GLP-1, and that metformin may potentiate the glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1 by increasing target tissue sensitivity to GLP-1 [8]. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Glucose-lowering effects of metformin. A Significant Influence of Glycemic Variability (GV) on Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications in Patients With Diabetes With the spread of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), glycemic GV is attracting attention. Emerging evidence suggests that GV contributes to adverse clinical outcome in patients with diabetes [9]. A recent meta-analysis assessing GV has shown associations of GV with microvascular and macrovascular complications and mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes [10]. Proposed mechanisms for GV-induced adverse vascular outcomes include increased oxidative stress and enhanced expression of proteins involved in vascular pathology [11]. A Dose-Dependent Effect of Metformin on GV Although various mechanisms have been suggested as metformin-mediated glucose-lowering, it remains unknown which of these mechanisms plays a crucial role at various daily doses of metformin. Our previous [12] and present study using CGM demonstrated that metformin improved GV in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 2). Open in a separate window AS2521780 Figure 2 Effects of dose of metformin and combination of metformin with vildagliptin (DPP4 inhibitor) on glycemic variability, in a 55-year-old type 2 diabetic woman with body mass index of 29.2 kg/m2. The Effect of Combination of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) Inhibitors With Metformin on GV The present study using CGM showed that the combination of DPP4 inhibitor with metformin improved GV (Fig. 2). Effects of combination of metformin with incretin-related drugs (DPP4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on GV were shown in Table 1 [13-19]. The combination of metformin with incretin-related drugs significantly improved GV as compared with the combination of metformin with other drugs. The combination of metformin with dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) also significantly improved GV as compared with the combination of dapagliflozin with insulin. Table 1 Effects of Combination of Metformin With Incretin-Related Drugs (DPP4 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Analogs) and SGLT2 Inhibitors AS2521780 on Glycemic Variability thead th align=”left” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ /th th align=”left” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Effective combination therapy /th th align=”left” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Improvement of glycemic variability /th th align=”left” rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Comparative combination therapy /th /thead Takahashi et al. [13]Metformin (750 mg) + linagliptin (5 mg) Metformin (1,500 mg) monotherapyKim et al. [14]Metformin + vildagliptin Metformin + glimepirideKim et al. [15]Metformin ( 1,000 mg) + vildagliptin (100 mg) Rabbit Polyclonal to SGCA Metformin ( 1,000 mg) + pioglitazone (15 mg)Kim et al. [16]Metformin + sitagliptin (100 mg) Metformin + glimepiride (2 mg)Frias et al. [17]Metformin ( 1,500 mg) + once-weekly exenatide (2 mg) Metformin ( 1,500 mg) + placeboMa et al. [18]Metformin + liraglutide Metformin + NPH insulinHenry et al. [19]Metformin ( 1,500 mg) + dapagliflozin (10 mg) Insulin ( 30 units) + dapagliflozin (10 mg) Open in a separate window Many Participants Had Been Taking Metformin in the Trials of New Anti-Diabetic Drugs That Showed Excellent Cardiovascular Outcomes The cardiovascular effect of AS2521780 semaglutide, AS2521780 a GLP-1 AS2521780 analog with an extended half-life of approximately 1 week, in type 2 diabetes was examined in SUSTAIN-6 [20]. In patients with type 2 diabetes who were at high cardiovascular risk, the rate of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke was significantly lower among patients receiving semaglutide than among those receiving placebo. The cardiovascular effect of liraglutide, a GLP-1 analog,.
7)
7). when compared to the respective solitary substance treatments. The arithmetic means and standard deviation of at least three self-employed experiments are demonstrated. Western blots within the combination of everolimus plus AR-A014418 showed no stronger inhibiton of GSK3 after combination treatment, compared to solitary AR-A014418 treatment, in the resistant cell lines. NIHMS975995-product-02.tiff (484K) GUID:?3013E428-10A1-423C-8114-58A7F7234582 03: Supplementary Fig. 3 Western blot quantification of IRS-1 protein levels and pIRS-1 of four independently performed Western blots shows down-regulation of IRS-1 protein levels in the resistant cell lines. Sensitive BON1 and BON1 Control DMSO cells showed a slightly stronger increase in IRS-1 protein levels after everolimus treatment, compared to the resistant cells according to the Western blot quantification. In addition, in the non-resistant cells BYL719 treatment was accompanied by improved IRS-1 protein manifestation, while in the resistant cells a lesser, but nevertheless a definite increase in IRS-1 protein levels was observed in response to BYL719 treatment. The BYL719/everolimus combination treatment showed a strong increase of IRS-1 manifestation in the non-resistant BON1 and BON1 Control DMSO cells, and a lesser, but still obvious increase in IRS-1 protein levels in the resistant cells. For pIRS-1 levels the variations between the resistant and sensitive cell lines were small. NIHMS975995-product-03.tif (1.5M) GUID:?3B4DEAB8-6BFF-42C6-8113-C3DD3048BA5A 04. NIHMS975995-product-04.tif (1.6M) GUID:?5AA4DA97-A115-447C-9373-7BD749F52244 05: Suppl. Fig. 4 Western blot analysis showed related mTORC1 manifestation in the resistant and sensitive cell lines, while pmTORC1 could not be recognized in the cell lines investigated. NIHMS975995-product-05.tif (1.2M) GUID:?1A42221D-5D71-42C8-B6CF-39225BFE8E68 06: Suppl. Fig. 5, 6, 7, 8 Significant synergistic effects of BYL719 plus everolimus at low therapeutically-relevant doses in BON1 (Suppl. Fig. 5), BON1 Control DMSO (Suppl. Fig. 6), BON1 RR1 (Suppl. Fig. 7) and BON1 RR2 (Suppl. Fig. 8) cell lines. Matrix of the cell collection proliferation together with the mean is definitely demonstrated. Each graph shows the vehicle-treated control (gray), BYL719 (green), everolimus (reddish) and the combination of both (blue). In the columns, the Byl719 concentration, in the rows, the everolimus concentration is definitely increasing. The sign * shows synergism, assessed from the linear combined effects model. NIHMS975995-product-06.tif (649K) GUID:?A47C2A61-EE46-43FB-BAC9-8AAF018346FB 07. NIHMS975995-product-07.tif (645K) GUID:?67D67525-D1F4-4C1C-BBA5-F3B7F63ECD56 08. NIHMS975995-product-08.tif (680K) GUID:?1942DBA2-AA70-4866-8B37-3858525725C0 09. NIHMS975995-product-09.tif (654K) GUID:?3AD6CCBB-2F94-4DEB-A574-DC880B1725EE 10: Suppl. Fig. 9 Caspase 3/7 assay in all cell lines after BYL719/everolimus combination treatment: Caspase 3/7 assay showed a significant decrease in apoptosis in response to BYL719/everolimus CIT combination treatment in the resistant cell lines, but not in the sensitive cell lines. NIHMS975995-product-10.tif (789K) GUID:?260B892C-A6E9-429D-90BD-C57726346110 11: Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside Suppl. Fig. 10 Imaging of the orthotopic intrapancreatic everolimus-resistant tumor xenograft mouse model by preclinical PET/MRI: BON1 RR2 cells were inoculated into the pancreas of a 12 week aged SCID Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside mouse: axial T2w (A-C) and coronal T1w (D) images confirm tumor growth (arrow). The tumor was first recognized in the pancreas 14 days after inoculation (A) and monitored during growth after 28 days (B) and 48 days (C). On day time 48 the tumor reached 1000 mm3 and showed normal development of necrotic areas in the tumor core (hypointense areas). Fused 18FDG CPET/MRI (E) confirms high FDG uptake (SUV: .4 %ID/g) reflecting a strong metabolic activity and Ga68DOTATOC-PET/MRI in coronal look at (F) shows no Ga68DOTATOC uptake due to absent SSTR2. NIHMS975995-product-11.tif (1.6M) GUID:?D7594143-F83F-4461-B454-FC0EBEAA4059 Abstract Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs) are often inoperable at diagnosis. The mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus has been approved for the treatment of advanced NETs. However, the regular development of resistance to everolimus limits its clinical effectiveness. We founded two self-employed everolimus-resistant panNET (BON1) cell lines (BON1 RR1, BON1 RR2) to find potential mechanisms of resistance. After 24 weeks of long term exposure to 10 nM everolimus, BON1 RR1 and BON1 RR2 showed stable resistance with cellular survival rates of 96.70% (IC50=5200 nM) and 92.30% (IC50=2500 nM), respectively. The control cell collection showed sensitivity to 10 nM everolimus with cellular survival declining to 54.70% (IC50=34 nM). Both resistant cell lines did not regain sensitivity over time and showed persistent stable resistance after a drug holiday of 13 weeks. The mechanisms of resistance in our cell collection model included morphological adaptations, G1 cell cycle arrest associated with reduced CDK1(cdc2) Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside manifestation and decreased autophagy. Cellular migration potential was improved and indirectly linked to c-Met activation. GSK3 was over-activated in association with reduced basal IRS-1 protein levels. Specific GSK3 inhibition strongly decreased BON1 RR1/RR2 cell survival. The combination of everolimus with the PI3K inhibitor BYL719 re-established everolimus sensitivity through GSK3 inhibition and repair of autophagy. We suggest that GSK3 over-activation combined with decreased basal IRS-1 protein levels and decreased autophagy may be a crucial feature of everolimus resistance, and hence a possible restorative target. resistance to everolimus treatment offers only been little studied to day (Capurso et al. 2012; Passacantilli et al. 2014; Vandamme et al. 2016), and thus there is an unmet need to better understand the mechanisms of.